States of Consciousness and Ego States
Main Article Content
Abstract
A theory of consciousness is presented and linked to ego states. Different levels of consciousness are described and how states of consciousness (SoCs) contain within them different collections of experiential resources, leading to limitations on how individuals can access different resources when they are in specific states. Examples are given related to everyday life, followed by ideas on how practitioners can use empathy with clients so that the clients become able to change the contents of problematic SoCs.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The work in this journal is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Allen, J. (2011). New Introduction: As if Suddenly a Door. In E. Berne, Games People Play: The Basic Handbook of Transactional Analysis (11-23). Tantow Media, Inc.
Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis. Viking Press.
Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. Holt Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and nature: A necessary unity. Dutton.
Bateson, G., Jackson, D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1974). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. In D. Jackson (Ed.), Communication, family, and marriage (pp. 31-54). Science and Behavior Books.
Berne, E. (1961). Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy. Castle Books.
Berne, E. (1964). Games People Play. Grove.
Berne, E. (1977). Intuition and Ego States. TA Press.
Bucke, R. M. (1991). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Penguin Random House Books.
Derbyshire, S., Whalley, M., Stenger, V., & Oakley, D. (2004). Cerebral activation during hypnotically induced and imagined pain. NeuroImage, 23: 392-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.04.033
Erickson, M., & Rossi, E. (1979). Hypnotherapy: An exploratory casebook. Irvington Publishers.
Frederick, C. (1996). Functionaries, janissaries, and daemons: A differential approach to the management of malevolent ego states. Hypnos, XXIII, 37–47.
Frederick, C. (2005). Selected topics in ego state therapy. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 53(4), 339–429. doi:10.1080/00207140591007518
Frederick, C. (2016). Beyond Empathy: The tree of compassion with malevolent ego states. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 58:4, 331-346.
Frederick, C., & McNeal, S. (1999). Inner strengths: Contemporary psychotherapy and hypnosis for ego strengthening. Routledge.
Flemons, D. (2020). Toward a relational theory of hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 62(4), 344-363.
Goffman, E. (1969), Frame Analysis. Double Day.
Govinda, Lama A. (1973). Foundations of Tibetan Mysticism. Samuel Weiser, Inc.
Harner, M. (1990). The way of the shaman. Harper Collins.
Hilgard, E. (1980). Consciousness in contemporary psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 1–28.
Hilgard, E. R. (1986). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. John Wiley & Sons.
Hillig, J. A., & Holroyd, J. (1997/1998). Consciousness, attention, and hypnoidal effects during fire walking. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality,17, 153–163.
Hine, J. (1997). Mind Structure and Ego States. Transactional Analysis Journal, 27(4), 278–289.
Hine, J. (2005). Brain Structures and Ego States. Transactional Analysis Journal, 35(1), 40–51.
Jung, C. G. (1946). Psychological Types. Harcort, Brace, 567-569.
Kempt, E. J. (1921)., The autonomic functions and the personality. Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing.
Lankton, Stephen. (2023). A Functional Model of States of Consciousness: Integrating Social Cognitive and State Theory, Keynote Address. Society of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis Conference: Unlocking the Power of Mind: Advances in the Science of Hypnosis.
Lankton, C., & Lankton, S. (1989). Tales of enchantment: Anthology of goal directed metaphors. Taylor & Francis / Brunner-Routledge.
Lankton, S., & Lankton, C. (1986). Enchantment and intervention in family therapy: Using metaphors in family therapy. Crown House Publishing.
Lilly, J. (1972). The center of the cyclone: An autobiography of inner space. Julian Press.
Lowen, A. (1967). The betrayal of the body. Macmillan.
Oakley, D. A. (2008). Hypnosis, trance and suggestion: Evidence from neuroimaging. In M. R. Nash & A. J. Barnier (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hypnosis: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 365–392). Oxford University Press.
Pekala, R. J. (1991). Quantifying consciousness: An empirical approach. , Plenum Press.
Pekala, R. J. (1995a). A short unobtrusive hypnotic induction for assessing hypnotizability level: I. Development and research. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 37, 271-283.
Pekala, R. J. (1995b). A short unobtrusive hypnotic induction for assessing hypnotizability: II. Clinical case reports. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 37, 284-293.
Pekala, R. J., & Wenger, C. F. (1983). Retrospective phenomenological assessment: Mapping consciousness in reference to specific stimulus conditions. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 4, 247-274.
Penfield, W., & Jasper, H. (1954). Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain. Little, Brown & Company.
Penfield, W. & Roberts, L. (1959). Speech and Brain-mechanisms. Princeton University Press.
Raij, T. T., Numminen, J., Narvarnen, S. Hiltunen, J. & Hari, R. (2005). Brain correlates of subjective reality of physically and psychologically induced pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 102, 2147-2151.
Reik, T. (1948). Listening with the third ear. Tarrar, Straus.
Rock, A. J., Wilson, J. M., Johnston, L. J., & Levesque, J. V. (2008). Ego boundaries, shamanic-like techniques, and subjective experience: An experimental study. Anthropology of Consciousness,19, 60-83.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.
Stern, D. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. Basic Books.
Stuart, R. (1969). Operant-interpersonal treatment for marital discord. Journal of Consulting Clinical and Psychology, 33(6), 675-681.
Tart, C. (1969). Altered states of consciousness. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tart, C. (1975). States of consciousness. E. P. Dutton & Co.
Terhune, D. B. & Cardeña, E. (2010). Methodological and interpretative issues regarding the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory - Hypnotic Assessment Procedure: A comment on Pekala et al., (2010a, 2010b). American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 53, 105-113.
Watkins, J. G. (1978). The therapeutic self. Human Sciences Press.
Watkins, J. G., & Watkins, H. H. (1979). The theory and practice of ego-state therapy. In H. Grayson (Ed.), Short term approaches to psychotherapy (176–220). Wiley.
Watkins, J. G., & Watkins, H. H. (1984). Hazards to the therapist in the treatment of multiple personalities. In B. G. Braun (Ed.), Symposium on multiple personality, the psychiatric clinics of North America, 7, 69–87.
Watkins, J. G., & Watkins, H. H. (1988). The management of malevolent alters in multiple personality disorder. Dissociation, 1, 67–71.
Watkins, J. G., & Watkins, H. H. (1997). Ego states: Theory and therapy. W.W. Norton